The outcome of GAS infection is not only strain related, but is also related to a combination of several factors, such as exotoxin production and host immunity. Bacterial characteristics may also play a pathogenic and important role in severity of streptococcal infections.
Streptococcus pyogenes sensitive to penicillin, different studies worldwide showed that like study from Iran, Senegal, Ethiopia, China and our study also showed that which confirm the penicillin is still the drug of choice for the treatment of GAS pharyngitis.
Resistance to antimicrobial to Streptococcus pyogenes are variable and the emergence of drug resistance among streptococci to macrolides (erythromycin and clarithromycin) are widely reported. Our study showed the resistance of Clarithromycin was 33.3% similar to showing resistance 33.9% and the resistance to Erythromycin was 7.8% agree with 9.7% of study and 6.9% of study. And also show 52.9% resistance to amoxicillin where study of from Egypt showed 81% sensitive to amoxicillin.
The Superantigen Spe A found in 33.3% in this study and SpeA was 36.8% in study of. Also, this result similar to study which showed the percentage of SpeA gene was 34.34%. Study of showed lower percentage of SpeA (17.2%)
Author(s) Details:
Minas Mohamed Balla
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan.
Adil Mergani
Department of Molecular and Immunogenetics, NCI, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan.
Mohamed Elamin A. M. E. Medani
Pediatric Cardiologist Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan.
Adam Dawoud Abakar
Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Gezira, Wad
Medani, Sudan.
Ameer Mohamed Dafalla
Department of Molecular and Immunogenetics, NCI, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan.
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Recent Global Research Developments in Streptococcus pyogenes: Risks, Prevention, and Control
Transmission Routes: GAS is commonly transmitted through respiratory droplets, skin sores, and contact with contaminated materials or equipment. Foodborne transmission is also possible, but further research is needed to quantify this route [1] .
Prevalence: GAS diseases are highly prevalent in developing countries, as well as among indigenous populations and low socioeconomic areas in developed countries [1] .
High-Risk Groups: Children, the immunocompromised, and the elderly are at the greatest risk of S. pyogenes infections and associated complications. Transmission rates are higher in schools, kindergartens, hospitals, and residential care homes due to overcrowding and increased social contact [1] .
Prevention and Control Measures: Strategies should focus on improving living conditions, emphasizing personal and hand hygiene, and promoting adherence to infection prevention practices in high-risk settings. Governments, especially in developed countries, should consider resource distribution[1] .
References
- Avire NJ, Whiley H, Ross K. A Review of Streptococcus pyogenes: Public Health Risk Factors, Prevention and Control. Pathogens. 2021; 10(2):248. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020248